Journal of Clinical Medicine
Sex Bias in the Clinical Diagnosis of ADHD: A Critical Review
Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests differently across sexes, potentially impacting symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment. Nevertheless, these legitimate sex differences in ADHD are further shaped by multiple sources of bias that distort prevalence estimates and clinical recognition. Methods: This critical review synthesizes evidence on a variety of factors, including sampling bias, referral bias, DSM criteria, and diagnostic overs …