FUDMA Journal of Sciences
Alternative Approaches to Antibiotics: Phage Therapy, Antimicrobial Peptides, and Phytotherapeutics
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a critical threat to global health, food security, and economic stability due to the overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and livestock production. This review examines the mechanisms of antibiotic action and resistance, clinical and environmental consequences of resistance, and evaluates current alternative strategies to conventional antibiotics. Bacteria develop resistance through enzymatic degradation, target modification, reduced membrane permeability, alternative metabo …