Frontiers in Endocrinology
Longitudinal clinical trajectories and vascular–inflammatory–neurophysiological associations in diabetic peripheral neuropathy: an exploratory analysis of a TENS-treated cohort
Background Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is used as an adjunctive treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), but long-term clinical trajectories vary among patients. The biological characteristics associated with these different trajectories remain incompletely characterized. This study aimed to identify longitudinal clinical trajectory patterns and examine their associations with vascular, inflammatory, and neurophysiological measures. Methods Prospective 24-month data from 685 patien …