BMJ Open
Predictive patterns of cesarean section utilisation under Indonesia’s National Health Insurance following tariff reform: a machine learning analysis of hospital claims
Objectives To examine the predictive contributions of clinical, non-clinical and policy-related factors to cesarean section (C-section) utilisation under Indonesia’s National Health Insurance (JKN) and to assess whether the predictive relationships differed between the periods before and after the 2023 Indonesia Case-Based Groups (INA-CBG) tariff reform. We developed and temporally evaluated machine learning models to determine whether non-clinical and tariff-related variables provided additional predictive informa …