Frontiers in Pharmacology
Exposure–response relationship of sintilimab in advanced gastric cancer: insights from time-dependent pharmacokinetics and biomarker integration for precision immunotherapy
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) antibodies, exhibit substantial interpatient variability in both efficacy and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Conventional exposure-response (E-R) paradigms are often insufficient to capture these dynamics, limiting their utility for individualized immunotherapy. Objective To critically re-evaluate the E-R relationship of Sintilimab in advanced gastric cancer (AGC) by integrating pharmacokinetics (PK), host- a …