Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
Antibacterial polyphenols for osteomyelitis treatment: from antibacterial mechanisms to biomaterial-based delivery
Osteomyelitis is a refractory infection caused by bacterial invasion of bone tissue. Biofilms, small-colony variants (SCVs), and intracellular persistence enable bacteria to evade immune clearance and antibiotic killing, while sequestra and implant surfaces may act as long-term infection reservoirs. Some pathogens can also invade the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network, further hindering complete eradication. Meanwhile, persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired local blood supply aggravate bone destr …