03.09.2026journal-article
Frontiers in Oncology
Clinical trial design for primary brain tumors: a problem-based framework for neuro-oncology practice
Background Primary brain tumor trials may produce an uninterpretable or non-generalizable answer when biological mismatch, inadequate intratumoral exposure, restrictive eligibility, molecular rarity, unstable controls, and disease-specific endpoint ambiguity are addressed separately. The practical problem is not the absence of modern methods, but failure to select and combine them according to the dominant threat to the development decision. Methods We performed a practice-facing narrative synthesis of methodologic …