Advances in the Application of Immunohistochemical Markers in the Subtyping of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Vollständiger Abstract

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Lung cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide in terms of both incidence and mortality, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for approximately 80%–85% of all cases. As most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage with limited biopsy material, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining alone is often insufficient for precise histotyping. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), by detecting specific molecular markers, can significantly improve the accuracy and reproducibility of NSCLC subtyping. This review systematically summarizes the diagnostic utility and expression characteristics of commonly used IHC markers—including TTF-1, Napsin A, Ki-67, CK7, CK5/6, p63, and p40—in the differential diagnosis between lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and discusses the clinical strategies of multi-marker combinatorial testing. Current evidence indicates that the four-antibody panel combining TTF-1/Napsin A (for adenocarcinoma) and p40/CK5/6 (for squamous cell carcinoma) effectively distinguishes ADC from SCC, and is of great significance in guiding individualized therapy.