Multidimensional Sustainability Analysis of Forest and Land Rehabilitation Program in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Vollständiger Abstract

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Forest and land degradation remains a significant environmental challenge in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, requiring rehabilitation strategies that ensure long-term sustainability. This study evaluated the sustainability status of the Forest and Land Rehabilitation (RHL) program and identified the key factors influencing its performance. Sustainability was assessed using the Rapid Appraisal for Sustainability (RAPSUS) approach based on Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) across the ecological, economic, and social dimensions using 21 attributes. Data were collected through field observations, structured interviews, and expert judgment involving relevant stakeholders. Model performance was evaluated using stress values, coefficients of determination (R²), leverage analysis, and Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicated that the RHL program was moderately sustainable, with the ecological dimension showing the highest sustainability index (62.82), followed by the economic (58.61) and social (52.09) dimensions. Leverage analysis identified flora species diversity, planting success rate, and clarity of area boundaries as the most influential attributes affecting sustainability. The MDS model demonstrated good reliability, with stress values ranging from 0.1477 to 0.1529 and R² values ranging from 0.9408 to 0.9432. These findings highlight the importance of improving vegetation diversity, increasing planting success, and strengthening stakeholder participation to enhance the long-term sustainability of RHL programs and support adaptive rehabilitation policies.