Revolutionizing Disease Prevention: The Rise of mRNA Vaccines and Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Cancer and Infectious Diseases

Vollständiger Abstract

Worum geht es in dieser Arbeit?

Introduction: mRNA is a single-stranded RNA molecule. It conveys all the genetic information that is found in DNA and is complementary to it. mRNA was discovered in the early 1960s, and further studies were conducted in the 1970s. Yet, the greatest issue was that mRNA would be taken up by the body and rapidly destroyed. The crisis condition developed during the COVID-19 pandemic made the evolution of mRNA vaccines very swift. The main aim of this review article is to explain the development of different types of mRNA vaccines along with lipid nanoparticles, their in-vitro transcription, how they can be used in cancer immunotherapy, and the possibilities of their working, including studies, mechanism of actions, and their uses in the treatment of various infectious diseases such as norovirus, influenza, sickle cell anemia, and HIV/AIDS. Methods: The functional result of a gene (proteins) is created when the genetic instructions (triplets) found on mRNA are translated into amino acids. With advancements in nanotechnology, the development of lipid nanoparticles that wrap the mRNA like a bubble makes the entry into the cell possible. Once inside the cell, mRNA vaccines work by releasing the target gene, which contains information for cells to produce a harmless piece of the target virus. Results: The invention and clinical execution of mRNA vaccines for cancer have been improved by recent technological advancements for the delivery of synthetic mRNA sequences using lipid nanoparticles. mRNA vaccines represent a significant advancement in vaccine technology, offering both rapid development capabilities and potent immune responses against various infectious diseases. Conclusion: In this review article, we discuss the development of mRNA vaccines, their mechanism of action to prevent a wide variety of infectious diseases, their formulation, and the use of Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) for the delivery of the vaccine. Moreover, we discuss the use of mRNA vaccines in cancer immunotherapy and their future prospects.