Emerging Immunohistochemical Biomarkers Beyond Prostate Specific Antigen in Prostate Cancer

Vollständiger Abstract

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Prostate cancer remains a significant health concern, particularly among the older male population. Proper differentiation between malignant adenocarcinoma and benign prostatic diseases is critical for successful diagnosis. This study aimed to determine the dependability of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers specifically AMACR, p63, and Cytokeratin as a means of diagnosing cancer. The diagnostic value of HOXB13 gene variants and MYC mRNA expression in tissues with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was also evaluated. The research involved patients with clinical indicators of prostate dysfunction and high PSA values. Tissue specimens were tested using the PIN-4 cocktail (IHC) and Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining. The ethanol-preserved prostate cancer tissue samples were homogenized to extract total RNA using the Gene JET RNA Purification Kit based on silica membranes and adjusted for high-purity RNA extraction. The concentration and purity of the extracted RNA were evaluated, and only samples exhibiting an A260/A280 ratio within the range of 1.8 to 2.0 were deemed appropriate for downstream analyses. Histopathology confirmed prostatic adenocarcinoma in all cases, mostly low-grade with a minor group of intermediate-grade malignancies. These findings support the notion that IHC markers, specifically AMACR combined with a basal cell marker, are useful modalities for distinguishing between benign and malignant prostate tumors. It also suggests that the rare rs8556 variant is functionally important and potentially deleterious. In prostate cancer treatment, this technique can potentially assist in earlier diagnosis, reduced uncertainty in diagnosis, and personalized treatment.