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Optimal Public Transportation Networks: Evidence from the World's Largest Bus Rapid Transit System in Jakarta

Gabriel Kreindler, Arya Gaduh, Tilman Graff, Rema Hanna, Benjamin A. Olken

American Economic Review · 2026

Vollständiger Abstract

Worum geht es in dieser Arbeit?

Designing public transport networks involves trade-offs between coverage, service frequency, and direct service. We use the expansion of the bus system in Jakarta, Indonesia, to study these trade-offs. We analyze how new direct connections, changes in bus travel time, and wait-time reductions affect bus ridership and aggregate flows and estimate a transit network demand model by matching the route launch events. Commuters in Jakarta are 2–3 times more sensitive to wait time than bus time and inattentive to long routes. We develop a flexible framework to characterize optimal networks. A less concentrated network would increase ridership and commuter welfare. (JEL L92, L98, O18, R41, R42, R48)

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Publikationsdaten

Autor:innen
Gabriel Kreindler, Arya Gaduh, Tilman Graff, Rema Hanna, Benjamin A. Olken
Quelle
American Economic Review
Publikation
2026-01-01
Band / Ausgabe
Nicht angegeben
Seiten
Nicht angegeben
ISSN / ISBN
0002-8282, 1944-7981
Zitationen
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Zitierfähiger Nachweis

Gabriel Kreindler, Arya Gaduh, Tilman Graff, Rema Hanna, Benjamin A. Olken (2026). Optimal Public Transportation Networks: Evidence from the World's Largest Bus Rapid Transit System in Jakarta. American Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20230768
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