Translational Challenges and Opportunities in mRNA Cancer Vaccines

Vollständiger Abstract

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Abstract Messenger RNA (mRNA) cancer vaccines have progressed rapidly, with personalized platforms such as mRNA-4157 and BNT122 demonstrating feasibility, safety, and durable immune activity but limited scalability. Off-the-shelf constructs, including BNT111 and BNT113, enable faster, broader deployment, yet they risk reduced precision or immune tolerance. These complementary approaches reveal key translational dualities: personalization versus shared antigen (off-the-shelf), potency versus safety, and speed versus durability. This mini-review synthesizes emerging clinical evidence and outlines strategies such as modular vaccine design, prime–boost vaccination regimens, and adaptive trial frameworks to reconcile these trade-offs and advance scalable, durable mRNA vaccines for broad oncologic impact. Significance: By dissecting the competing design pressures that shape mRNA vaccine performance, this mini-review proposes integrative strategies, spanning modular architectures, prime–boost regimens, and adaptive trials, to reconcile immunologic potency with manufacturability and safety, charting a roadmap toward next-generation cancer vaccines.