Awareness and Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus (cCMV): A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of Knowledge and Communication Strategies for People of Childbearing Age

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Abstract Background Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the most common congenital infection in the United States, disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities (Dietrich, 2019). In Arizona, an increasing proportion of births occur among young, non-White, and Hispanic/Latina women, yet there are no universal screening programs or standardized educational efforts addressing cCMV (Arizona Department of Health Services, 2022). Effective provider–patient communication and targeted public health programming are essential to reduce vertical transmission. This study aimed to identify strategies to improve cCMV-related communication and promote adoption of preventive behaviors among people of childbearing age. Methods A mixed-methods design was used to assess baseline awareness, knowledge, and behavioral intentions related to cCMV. Participants (N=50) were women of childbearing age in Arizona (48% aged 18–35; 61% non-White Hispanic/Latina; 48% had not completed high school; 30% held a bachelor’s degree). Data collection included a pre-survey, ten focus group discussions, a 30-minute educational intervention, and a post-survey. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively using R-Studio, and qualitative data were analyzed thematically using NVivo. Results Baseline awareness of cCMV was low (32%), with most participants unaware of transmission routes. Following the educational intervention, willingness to adopt preventive behaviors increased from 26.5% to 57.0%, indicating a substantial improvement in behavioral intent. Qualitative analysis identified four key themes: (1) Making Prevention Stick: Communicating cCMV in a Real-Life Context; (2) Bridging the Gap in Communication: Trust, Timing, and Tools; (3) Meeting Parents Where They Are; and (4) Building Continuity in Education. Participants emphasized the need for early education, culturally relevant communication, and stronger provider engagement. Trust in healthcare providers was high, though inconsistent messaging and passive educational materials were cited as barriers. Conclusion This study highlights significant gaps in awareness and communication surrounding cCMV among women of childbearing age in Arizona. A brief culturally tailored educational intervention more than doubled participants’ willingness to adopt preventive behaviors. Integrating targeted cCMV education into routine prenatal care and community health programs may strengthen provider–patient trust, enhance preventive practices, and advance health equity in congenital infection prevention.